Appointment and Confirmation of Federal Judges
The power to appoint all federal judges is shared by the president and the Senate. The legal framework for such appointments is established by provisions within the Constitution under Article II, Section 2, Clause 2.
photo credit: LithiumP4Nominations for judicial appointments by the president are transmitted by message to the Senate. The message is read and the Senate executive clerk assigns a consecutive number to the message. In most instances, the Senate Judiciary Committee begins the consideration of a nomination by gathering more information about the individual nominated. The nomination of federal judges is subject to a committee hearing, during which the nominee and others testify.
Several options are available to the Judiciary Committee regarding the disposition of a nomination, and the Committee is not required to act upon nominations at all. In the event the Committee chooses to report a nomination, it can choose to do so favorably, unfavorably or without any recommendation.
The committee chair usually reports the nomination to the
full Senate. The legislative clerk then notifies the executive clerk, who assigns the nomination a number and places it on the executive calendar of the Senate. When a nomination is considered by the full Senate, it is done in executive session, not a legislative session. The procedures utilized during an executive session are similar in nature to a legislative session. One exception is that floor consideration may not begin until a nomination has been placed on the calendar for a minimum of one day, except in the case of unanimous consent.
Only rarely does the Senate vote to reject a nomination. Unsuccessful nominations typically die from inaction. On occasion, a nomination may be sent back to the Committee for further consideration. Under Senate rules, pending nominations may be sent back to the president when the Senate recesses or adjourns for more than thirty days. The Senate retains the right to waive this rule by unanimous consent.
When a nominee is confirmed, the secretary of the Senate will attest to a “resolution of confirmation,” which is then sent to the White House. The president may also choose to withdraw a nomination at any time, which ends the nomination process.
To learn more about Congressional hearings, consider TheCapitol.Net’s 1-day course in Washington, DC: Congressional Dynamics and the Legislative Process; or the 3-day Capitol Hill Workshop.
Reference: Congressional Deskbook, by Michael L. Koempel and Judy Schneider, Section 10.80 Congress and the Executive: Appointments, and Section 10.81 Confirmation Procedure.
For more information about presentation and testifying training from TheCapitol.Net, see these resources:
- Congressional Deskbook: The Practical and Comprehensive Guide to Congress, by Michael L. Koempel and Judy Schneider
- Testifying Before Congress, by William LaForge
- Supreme Court Nominations
- Live courses in Washington, DC:
- Capitol Learning Audio Courses:
- Tips, Tactics & Techniques for Writing Congressional Testimony
- Preparing for Congressional Oversight and Investigation
- Effectively Using Persuasion in Your Oral Presentations: A Trial Lawyer’s Perspective
- Crisis Communications: Hoping That It Will Never Happen, But Glad You Planned For It
- Keys to Effective Presentations: Invigorate Your Delivery and Increase Your Confidence
Tags: Article II, Article II Section 2, congressional deskbook, judicial appointments, judicial nominations, resolution of confirmation, Supreme Court Nomination, Testifying Before Congress, U.S. Constitution
